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Advice for Sciatica

Sciatica is pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve from the lower back or buttock down one leg, often below the knee. It is usually caused by nerve root compression from a herniated lumbar disc, but spinal stenosis, degenerative changes, piriformis syndrome, trauma, infections, or tumors can also be responsible. Symptoms commonly include sharp, shooting or burning pain, numbness, tingling, and possible muscle weakness in the affected leg, typically worse with sitting, coughing, or bending. Diagnosis relies on clinical history and neurological exam, with MRI reserved for severe, progressive, atypical, or non?resolving cases. First?line management is conservative—staying active as tolerated, short?term analgesics, guided physiotherapy, and targeted exercises—while injections or surgery are considered for persistent severe pain or significant neurological deficit. Seek urgent care for new bowel or bladder dysfunction or rapidly worsening leg weakness.

Sciatica typically causes sharp, shooting, or burning pain that radiates from the lower back or buttock down one leg, often below the knee. You may experience numbness, tingling, or a pins?and?needles sensation in the leg or foot. Muscle weakness in the affected leg or foot can occur, sometimes causing difficulty lifting the foot or walking. Symptoms often worsen with sitting, coughing, sneezing, or bending forward. In severe cases you may have loss of bowel or bladder control or progressive weakness, which requires immediate medical attention.

Sciatica is most commonly caused by a herniated lumbar disc that compresses or irritates a nerve root. Spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal) can compress nerve roots and produce sciatica, particularly in older adults. Degenerative disc disease and spondylolisthesis (vertebral slippage) can alter spinal alignment and pinch nerves. The piriformis muscle can irritate the sciatic nerve (piriformis syndrome), producing similar symptoms. Trauma, such as a fall or accident, can damage or inflame spinal structures and nerves. Less commonly, tumours, spinal infections, or inflammatory conditions can compress the nerve. Conditions that increase risk of sciatica include obesity, diabetes, pregnancy, smoking, heavy or repetitive lifting, and prolonged sitting or a sedentary lifestyle.

Naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is used to manage sciatica by reducing nerve inflammation and providing short-term pain relief, often with effects felt within an hour. While effective for symptom management, it may offer only small, clinically insignificant benefits for moderate-to-severe pain, and is not a long-term cure for mechanical causes like herniated discs.
Alternative treatments for sciatica

- Stay active and self?management: remain as active as pain allows, avoid prolonged bed rest, and use pacing, heat/ice and simple stretching to manage flares.
- Exercise?based physiotherapy: targeted exercise programmes, graded activity and manual therapy guided by a physiotherapist are first?line conservative treatments.
- Topical analgesics: topical NSAIDs or rubs for localized pain where suitable.
- Oral analgesics (when needed): paracetamol or an NSAID (e.g., naproxen) at the lowest effective dose for the shortest time; avoid routine opioids.
- Neuropathic pain agents: consider gabapentin or pregabalin, or certain antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline or duloxetine), when neuropathic features dominate—discuss benefits and side?effects with a clinician.
- Epidural corticosteroid injection: may be offered for short?term relief of severe, persistent radicular pain after discussion of risks and benefits.
- Psychological and pain?management approaches: cognitive behavioural therapy, pain education, and multidisciplinary pain programmes can help with chronic or complex pain.
- Weight management and lifestyle: weight loss, smoking cessation and managing comorbidities (diabetes, fitness) reduce risk and improve outcomes.
- Assistive measures and workplace adjustments: ergonomic changes, graduated return to activity, and temporary aids can reduce strain.
- Surgical options: considered for confirmed nerve?root compression with severe or progressive neurological deficit, cauda equina syndrome, or persistent disabling pain after adequate conservative treatment (e.g., microdiscectomy).

When to seek urgent care: new bowel/bladder dysfunction, rapidly progressive leg weakness, or severe/progressive neurological signs require immediate assessment.

Talk to your GP or physiotherapist to personalise treatment based on severity, duration, red flags and overall health.

Frequently Asked Questions